European energy policy is changing, evolving, and adapting faster than anyone expected. REPowerEU was presented as the leading plan that every member state should follow regarding diversification of energy sources. However, the war in Ukraine, disruptions in supply chains, and the situation in the Middle East have transformed energy from a purely economic issue into one of the central geopolitical questions of our time.
In discussions about the energy transition and crisis preparedness, Norway is often cited as an example of a country that has successfully responded to these challenges. Norway is one of Europe's largest exporters of gas, but also a country that generates almost all of its electricity from renewable sources.
In an interview with EUpravo Zato, Norwegian Ambassador to Serbia Kristin Melsom spoke about how this long-term energy strategy was developed, why energy issues can no longer be separated from geopolitics, and what the countries of the Western Balkans can learn from the Nordic model of cooperation.
Norway is often cited as an example of a successful energy transition. What key principles underpin that model?
"Norway is often described as a successful example of the energy transition, but it is important to stress that this success is based on several very clear and long-term principles, rather than quick fixes. It has therefore been more of an evolutionary process than a sudden transformation. I would like to highlight several important aspects when discussing this.
First of all, Norway built its energy policy on predictability and broad political consensus. Over the decades, different governments have agreed on the main direction of energy policy, which has ensured stability for citizens, industry, and investors alike.
Secondly, our model combines responsible management of natural resources with strong public institutions. Hydropower, which today accounts for the overwhelming majority of Norway’s electricity production, was developed gradually and under strict environmental standards, thereby ensuring both energy security and public trust.
Finally, revenues from oil and gas have consistently been invested in education, new green technologies, and social welfare, while at the same time preparing for a future with lower emissions. All of this requires time, commitment to a shared objective, and long-term political and social consensus.
However, preparing for the future - which entails a greater need for electricity - is not without challenges, even in Norway. Climate change is already affecting the amount of snow and rainfall that replenish our reservoirs for future electricity production seasons. The development of green energy, such as solar and wind power, always involves striking a balance between preserving nature and meeting the country’s development needs. Strong institutions and strong civic rights help us maintain that balance."
What role does Norway currently play in Europe’s energy security?
"In the current European context, Norway plays an important role in energy security, especially during periods of uncertainty. As a reliable and predictable supplier of oil and natural gas, Norway contributes to stabilising the European energy market.
That role has become even more visible in recent years, as Europe has faced supply disruptions and severe market instability, particularly following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
At the same time, Norway is deeply integrated into the European energy system through electricity interconnections and regulatory cooperation. Our role is not merely to supply energy, but also to contribute to a functional and resilient market based on transparency, rules, and mutual trust."
Is it possible to ensure energy security while simultaneously accelerating the green transition?
"Ensuring energy security while simultaneously accelerating the green transition is not only possible, but necessary. In fact, these two goals reinforce one another.
A diversified energy mix, greater energy efficiency, and broader use of renewable energy sources enhance security because they reduce dependence on individual suppliers or supply routes.
Norway’s experience demonstrates that fossil fuels and renewable energy sources can coexist during the transition phase, provided there is a clear direction and transition plan. Gas, for example, has played an important role in replacing higher-carbon energy sources, while revenues from the oil sector have supported investments in low-carbon solutions such as offshore wind farms and carbon capture and storage.
Nevertheless, we must recognise that the pace of the energy transition must be orderly and realistic. Reducing the supply of fossil fuels faster than demand declines could lead to price shocks, social resistance, and weakening support for climate policies."
To what extent are energy issues today essentially geopolitical issues?
"Energy issues have always been linked to geopolitics, and today perhaps more than ever. Energy shapes economic competitiveness, influences foreign policy decisions, and directly affects national security.
Control over energy resources, infrastructure, and technologies carries strategic implications, as recent global events have clearly demonstrated.
At the same time, energy remains an area where cooperation is essential. Climate change, market stability, and technological development cannot be addressed by individual countries acting alone. That is why Norway sees energy not only as a strategic resource, but also as a platform for dialogue and cooperation."
What is the most important lesson from the Norwegian model that Serbia could realistically apply?
"When discussing what Serbia could realistically adopt from the Norwegian experience, the most important lesson is not specific technologies, but governance and long-term planning.
Establishing a clear regulatory framework, investing in grid infrastructure, and strengthening institutions are key foundations. Equally important is the responsible use of domestic resources, whether in renewable energy, energy efficiency, or regional interconnections.
Every country has its own starting point, but transparency, predictability, and public participation are universally applicable principles.
As far as the Western Balkans as a region are concerned, integration with regional and European energy markets could increase security, reduce costs, and accelerate the green transition. Regional energy cooperation in the Western Balkans could represent a credible path forward inspired by the Scandinavian experience, provided expectations remain realistic and adapted to the region’s political, economic, and energy circumstances.
The Nordic model cannot simply be copied directly, but its principles are highly relevant. The Scandinavian experience shows that small and medium-sized countries benefit significantly when they pool resources, integrate markets, and coordinate infrastructure development rather than pursuing isolated energy strategies.
Another important lesson from Scandinavia is that cooperation increases credibility in the eyes of investors."
How do you see the future development of energy cooperation between Norway and Serbia?
"The future of energy cooperation between Norway and Serbia appears promising.
Our cooperation already includes support for renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and strengthening institutional capacities, particularly through Norwegian grants and the engagement of Norwegian experts in various projects across Serbia.
Here I would especially mention one project supported by the Embassy. It is known by the acronym BREnDA, and its goal is to create the conditions for accelerated decarbonisation. The project will produce financial investment plans for future heating and electricity generation facilities across the entire Western Balkans. These plans will be made freely available to public utility companies throughout the region.
But energy cooperation is not only about projects - it is also about partnerships. There is considerable potential for deepening cooperation in areas such as hydropower modernisation, the development of solar and wind energy, green finance, and knowledge exchange.
Norway is ready to continue sharing its experience and cooperating with Serbia on the path towards a safer, more sustainable, and more resilient energy system."
(EUpravo zato)
